Ask Me Anything (AMA)

#326 – AMA #65: Red light therapy: promising applications, mixed evidence, and impact on health and aging

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter dives into the world of red light therapy in response to frequent questions from listeners. Peter provides a comprehensive exploration, starting with the basics of red light therapy and why it’s getting so much attention. The conversation examines the latest data on various applications, including aging, skin health, acne, wound healing, hair loss, eye health, exercise performance, metabolic health, weight loss, inflammation, injury recovery, and menstrual cramps. Peter analyzes the scientific literature on each use case and concludes with a summary table that provides an easy-to-follow breakdown of the potential benefits of red light therapy across these areas.

We discuss:

• Overview of topics and the motivation behind exploring red light therapy [1:45];
• The basic science of red light therapy [3:15];
• The unique penetration properties of red light [6:00];
• What happens when tissue is exposed to red light [9:30];
• Exploring red light therapy’s potential to combat aging [11:00];
• Red light therapy for treating acne [13:00];
• Red light therapy for aiding in wound healing [18:45];
• Red light therapy for hair loss: promising benefits and practical advice [24:15];
• Analyzing the evidence of a positive or negative effect of red light therapy on the eyes [28:00];
• Red light therapy’s impact on performance and recovery [30:30];
• Red light therapy’s impact on metabolic health: analyzing the limited evidence for improved glucose metabolism [32:45];
• Red light therapy for weight loss and targeted fat reduction [36:45];
• Red light therapy for inflammation, chronic pain, and injury rehabilitation [41:00];
• Red light therapy as a treatment for menstrual cramps [43:45];
• Summary: promising applications of red light therapy, unsupported claims, and costs to consider [46:45]; and
• More.

#320 – AMA 64: New insights on GLP-1 agonists (Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro) – efficacy, benefits, risks, and considerations in the rapidly evolving weight-loss drug landscape

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter dives back into the increasingly popular topic of GLP-1 agonists, such as Ozempic and Mounjaro, which have garnered widespread attention for their ability to promote weight loss. Peter covers the latest findings in this rapidly evolving landscape, including new insights into their long-term efficacy, side effects, and what happens when the drug is discontinued. Peter also explores their impact on body composition and how resistance training interacts with these treatments. Additionally, he compares different GLP-1 receptor agonists and discusses promising new drugs in the pipeline. Finally, Peter addresses questions about the role of compounding pharmacies in the GLP-1 agonist market, compares oral vs. injectable options, and provides key considerations for anyone deciding whether to use a GLP-1 agonist for weight loss.

• The rapidly evolving landscape of GLP-1 agonists [2:15];
• The mechanism of GLP-1 agonists, their origin as diabetes treatments, and how they evolved into weight-loss drugs [6:45];
• Overview of the new data and open questions related to the benefits and risks of GLP-1 agonists [10:30];
• New insights into the long-term safety of GLP-1 agonists, side effects, and more [16:45];
• The long-term efficacy of GLP-1 agonists, financial barriers, and more [19:45];
• The mechanisms behind GLP-1 agonists’ ability to promote weight loss [22:00];
• New data on body weight changes after discontinuing the drug [26:00];
• Effects of GLP-1 agonists on lean mass and body composition, and the role of protein and resistance training in preserving muscle [31:30];
• Semaglutide vs. tirzepatide: comparing benefits and side effects [36:30];
• How compounding pharmacies affect availability of GLP-1 drugs and the types of formulations that are available [39:15];
• How do oral formulations of GLP-1 drugs compare to injectable formulations? [44:15];
• How do sublingual (under tongue) formulations of GLP-1 drugs compare to injectable formulations? [46:15];
• Guidance for using compounding pharmacies to purchase GLP-1 agonists [47:15];
• Data on retatrutide—a promising new triple receptor agonist in the pipeline [50:15];
• Can GLP-1 agonists be beneficial for sleep apnea and immune function? [57:00];
• Potential neuroprotective benefits of GLP-1 agonists: impact on dementia risk [1:00:45];
• Exploring why GLP-1 agonists may reduce the risk of cancer, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease [1:04:00];
• How GLP-1 agonists might boost fertility in women [1:10:15];
• Early indications that GLP-1 agonists may help treat substance abuse disorders [1:12:00];
• Potential health risks of GLP-1 agonists: addressing thyroid cancer concerns and the unknowns due to lack of data [1:14:00];
• Examining the potential link between GLP-1 agonists and increased depression or suicidal ideation [1:16:00];
• Major remaining questions: the effects of cyclic use, rebound appetite, impact on adolescents’ development, and more [1:19:30];
• Key considerations when deciding whether to use a GLP-1 agonist for weight loss [1:23:45]; and
• More.

#316 – AMA #63: A guide for hair loss: causes, treatments, transplants, and sex-specific considerations

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter dives deep into the topic of hair loss, exploring its relationship with aging and its impact on quality of life. The conversation focuses on androgenic alopecia, the most common form of hair loss in both men and women, and covers the differences in patterns and causes between the sexes. Peter delves into the right timing for treatment, breaking down various options such as minoxidil and finasteride, low-level laser therapy, platelet-rich plasma injections, and more. Additionally, Peter outlines the pros and cons of the two primary hair transplantation methods and concludes with practical advice on selecting the right specialist or treatment team for those facing hair loss.

• The impact of hair loss on emotional health [2:15];
• The prevalence, patterns, and causes of hair loss in men and women [5:15];
• The genetic and hormonal causes of hair loss, and the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgenic alopecia [8:45];
• The visual differences in hair loss patterns between men and women, and the importance of consulting a specialist to rule out non-genetic causes of hair loss [13:30];
• How genetic predisposition influences the risk of androgenic alopecia, and how early detection through diagnostic tools and blood tests can help manage the risk more effectively [16:45];
• Ideal timing for starting treatment: why early treatment is crucial for effectively managing hair loss [19:30];
• The various FDA-approved treatments for androgenic alopecia, their mechanisms, and additional off-label treatments commonly used to manage hair loss [24:30];
• Topical minoxidil—the most commonly recommended starting treatment for hair loss [30:15];
• Oral vs. topical minoxidil: efficacy, ease of use, and potential side effects that must be considered [33:45];
• Finasteride for treating hair loss: efficacy, potential side effects on libido, and the need for careful PSA monitoring in men to avoid missing early signs of prostate cancer [37:15];
• Other effective hair loss treatments for women: boosting hair density with spironolactone gel and ketoconazole shampoo as part of a comprehensive strategy [41:30];
• Low-level laser therapy: effectiveness, costs, practicality, and a comparison of in-office treatments with at-home devices [49:00];
• Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as an off-label treatment for hair loss: potential effectiveness, varying protocols, and significant costs [53:45];
• Hair transplant for advanced hair loss: criteria and considerations [58:00];
• Types of hair transplants: follicular unit transplantation (FUT) vs. follicular unit extraction (FUE) [1:02:00];
• The financial cost of hair transplant surgery, and what to consider when seeking affordable options [1:06:15];
• The potential risks and downsides of the various hair transplant procedures [1:09:30];
• Post-procedure care for hair transplants and whether the procedure must be repeated periodically [1:16:30];
• Combining different hair loss treatments: benefits, risks, and considerations [1:18:30];
• Emerging hair loss treatments with limited data [1:21:00];
• Key considerations for selecting the right treatment plan for hair loss [1:22:00];
• A summary of the different considerations for men and women facing hair loss [1:24:30];
• Practical advice on selecting the right specialist or treatment team [1:26:15]; and
• More.

#313 – AMA #62: Protein’s impact on appetite and weight management, and uric acid’s link to disease and how to manage levels

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter dives into two important health topics: uric acid and protein, examining them from unique perspectives. For uric acid, he explores its metabolic role and connection to various diseases, focusing on the potential causal link with cardiovascular disease. He also discusses factors influencing uric acid levels, such as diet, genetics, and lifestyle, providing practical tips for effective management. Shifting to protein, Peter delves into its role in appetite and weight management, the consequences of insufficient protein, and the “protein leverage hypothesis” linking protein deficiency to obesity. He covers optimal protein intake and its impact on energy expenditure, and he compares the satiety effects of solid versus liquid protein. Finally, Peter shares his strategy for incorporating protein into a comprehensive weight management plan.

• Overview of episode topics (and an important discussion on fanny packs) [2:00];
• Understanding uric acid: its role in metabolic processes, its association with gout and kidney stones, its impact on blood pressure, and more [6:00];
• Non-modifiable factors that influence uric acid levels [11:00];
• Modifiable factors that influence uric acid levels [14:15];
• Association between high uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease [20:00];
• Evidence suggesting a causal link between high uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease [24:00];
• Inconclusive evidence about the cardiovascular benefits of lowering uric acid pharmacologically [28:15];
• Exploring the potential risks of low uric acid levels in neurodegenerative diseases [37:00];
• Managing uric acid levels: dietary interventions and pharmacological approaches [42:00];
• The impact of protein on appetite and weight management [44:00];
• The consequences of insufficient protein on eating behaviors and satiety [52:15];
• The relationship between protein deficiency and obesity: exploring the “protein leverage hypothesis” [57:15];
• The impact of protein intake on energy expenditure [1:02:15];
• Determining optimal protein intake to avoid deficiency and support health [1:05:45];
• The role of different amino acids and protein sources in promoting satiety [1:08:15];
• Comparing the satiety effects of solid vs. liquid protein sources [1:10:30];
• Peter’s framework for incorporating protein intake into a strategy for controlling body weight [1:12:00]; and
• More.

#308 – AMA #61: Sun exposure, sunscreen, and skin health: relationship between sun exposure and skin cancer, vitamin D production, and photoaging, how to choose a sunscreen, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into two topics that have generated a lot of questions over the years: skin cancer and sunscreen. He begins by exploring the basics of UV radiation, discussing its effects on vitamin D conversion, photoaging, and its role in skin cancer. He examines various skin types, discussing their implications for sun exposure and vitamin D levels, as well as how to determine where you fall on the skin type scale. He then delves into the various types of skin cancer, with a particular emphasis on melanoma, exploring its complex relationship with UV exposure and other contributing risk factors. Additionally, he covers tanning beds, the importance of early skin cancer detection through regular skin checks, and the often confusing topic of sunscreen. He explains how sunscreen affects UV radiation and skin cancer risk, what SPF levels to choose, the differences between organic and mineral sunscreens, and what to consider when selecting the best sunscreen for your needs.

• The impact of UV radiation on the skin [2:00];
• Understanding solar UV: from the electromagnetic spectrum to skin health [3:45];
• The role of sunlight in vitamin D production [8:30];
• Factors contributing to vitamin D deficiency: insufficient UV exposure, magnesium levels, and more [9:45];
• Sun exposure needs for different skin types, and the limitations of current studies in defining vitamin D deficiency [12:45];
• The acute and long-term effects of excessive UV exposure: sunburn, photoaging, and the increased risk of skin cancer [15:30];
• Types of skin cancer and associations with UV exposure [17:45];
• The complex relationship between melanoma and UV exposure [22:15];
• Why UV exposure alone doesn’t necessarily explain the risk for melanoma [25:15];
• Other risk factors for melanoma [29:15];
• Tanning beds and skin cancer risk [34:45];
• Balancing sun exposure: benefits and risks [38:15];
• Tattoos and sun exposure [40:30];
• The importance of regular skin checks, dermatologists, and emerging technologies showing promise for early detection of cancer [41:45];
• Self-skin checks: what to look for [46:30];
• Prevalence of skin cancer and the importance of early detection [49:30];
• Summary of the major risk factors for melanoma [54:15];
• The role of sunscreen in reducing skin cancer risk [55:45];
• How sunscreen works, the differences between chemical and mineral sunscreens, an explanation of SPF, and more [58:30];
• How to determine the appropriate sunscreen SPF to use based on the UV index [1:04:45];
• Choosing the right sunscreen for your individual needs [1:07:00];
• The impact of water and perspiration on sunscreen effectiveness [1:12:00];
• Chemical vs. mineral sunscreens: safety concerns and recommendations [1:14:00];
• Concerns about hormone effects from chemical sunscreens [1:19:15];
• Sunscreen summary: skin types, key considerations, recommended brands, and more [1:23:15]; and
• More.

#306 – AMA #60: preventing cognitive decline, nutrition myths, lowering blood glucose, apoB, and blood pressure, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter provides insights on a broad range of important topics. He delves into the prevention of cognitive decline, the link between cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease, and methods to lower blood glucose, insulin, and apoB. He also addresses nutrition-related queries, exploring the impact of dietary habits on weight loss and longevity, how a person can identify the best diet for themselves, and common nutrition myths. Additional discussions include optimal blood pressure, daily step goals, the benefits of standing versus sitting desks, and much more.

• Overview of topics and episode format [1:40];
• Preventing cognitive decline [5:00];
• How to lower blood glucose and insulin [13:30];
• The relationship between lipids, CVD, and Alzheimer’s disease, and whether statins can increase the risk of neurodegenerative disorders and AD [23:15];
• Reducing apoB levels through exercise and diet [31:45];
• Pharmacological options for lowering apoB [38:00];
• How nutrition impacts longevity via metabolic health, muscle mass, BMD and more [40:15];
• How can someone determine the best diet for themselves? [43:45];
• Nutrition myth: All weight loss is good [46:45];
• Nutrition myth: Metabolic rates are dramatically different among individuals based on genetics [49:00];
• Nutrition myth: Losing weight after a brief period of overeating is impossible [53:45];
• Nutrition myth: GLP-1 agonists are a replacement for a healthy lifestyle [57:45];
• Nutrition myth: There is a single best diet for weight loss [1:03:00];
• Nutrition oversimplification: All calories are created equal [1:05:45];
• Daily step goals [1:06:45];
• The benefits of standing versus sitting throughout the day [1:10:45];
• How to identify the most impactful and easiest-to-implement ways to improve your health [1:12:30];
• The critical importance of emotional health [1:14:30];
• Why supplements should be considered as supportive aids rather than primary solutions in one’s strategy to improve longevity [1:18:00];
• Strategies for reducing high blood pressure [1:20:45];
• Peter’s biggest frustrations with “mainstream health advice” [1:28:00];
• Peter’s chaotic, yet cherished, morning routine [1:31:00]; and
• More.

#301 – AMA #59: Inflammation: its impact on aging and disease risk, and how to identify, prevent, and reduce it

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the often misunderstood concept of inflammation. He first defines inflammation and differentiates between acute inflammation and chronic inflammation, the latter of which is linked to aging and a plethora of age-related diseases. Peter breaks down the intricate relationship between chronic inflammation, obesity, and metabolic health, and highlights the signs that might suggest someone may be suffering from chronic inflammation. From there, the conversation centers on actionable advice and practical steps one can take to manage and minimize chronic inflammation. He explores how diet plays a crucial role, including the potential benefits of elimination diets, and he examines the impact of lifestyle factors such as exercise, sleep, and stress management. Additionally, he discusses the relevance of food inflammatory tests and concludes by examining the potential benefits and drawbacks of drugs and supplements in managing inflammation.

• Defining inflammation (and the cultural impact of Napoleon Dynamite) [1:45];
• Acute vs chronic inflammation [8:00];
• The connection between chronic inflammation, aging, and age-related diseases [11:00];
• The impact of inflammation on metabolic health [18:30];
• Understanding and diagnosing chronic inflammation: blood tests and other approaches, and challenges with measurement [20:00];
• Factors that contribute to low level chronic inflammation [28:00];
• Minimizing inflammation through diet [29:45];
• The important role of fiber for gut health and inflammation [33:45];
• A closer look at the impact of trans fats and saturated fats on overall health [34:45];
• Why Peter prefers dietary fiber from food sources over supplements [38:30];
• Debunking “superfoods”: emphasizing proven methods over marketing claims for reducing inflammation [39:00];
• Is there any value in over-the-counter food inflammatory tests? [42:30];
• Food elimination diets: how they work, symptoms and markers to watch, challenges and limitations [45:15];
• Identifying dietary triggers for gut-related symptoms through low-FODMAP diets like the “carnivore diet” [51:15];
• Dairy: the complex role of dairy on inflammation and individual responses [55:00];
• Wheat: the complexities and conflicting evidence around wheat’s inflammatory effects [57:45];
• How exercise influences inflammation [1:02:00];
• How sleep quality and duration impacts inflammation [1:07:00];
• The potential impact of chronic psychological stressors on inflammation [1:13:00];
• The impact of oral health on inflammation and overall well-being [1:15:00];
• The role of medications in managing chronic inflammation [1:18:15];
• Supplements: evaluating the efficacy of various anti-inflammatory supplements [1:22:15];
• Parting thoughts and takeaways [1:27:00]; and
• More.

#297 – AMA #58: Iron: its role in health, testing methods, and strategies for preventing and managing iron deficiency

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the crucial yet often overlooked topic of iron and iron deficiency. He explores why iron is indispensable for the body, explains the repercussions of iron deficiency, and sheds light on the prevalence of this issue and who is most susceptible. Peter outlines strategies for increasing iron levels, covering dietary iron, supplementation, and infusion options, while also discussing the suitability of each approach for different individuals. Shifting gears, Peter tackles rapid-fire questions on creatine and sodium, as well as inquiries related to his book. 

• Overview of today’s topics and the importance of understanding iron levels in the body [1:45];
• The importance and ubiquity of iron in the body, and the role of the protein called ferritin [4:30];
• The processes of iron absorption, utilization, and transportation [9:30];
• Options for testing iron levels and how to interpret the results [13:45];
• What does it mean to be iron deficient and how is it different from anemia? [17:15];
• Symptoms of iron deficiency and/or anemia [22:15];
• How prevalent is iron deficiency and who is most susceptible? [24:30];
• The importance of consuming an adequate amount of iron daily to prevent deficiency [30:30];
• The best way to improve iron levels for someone who is deficient [34:45];
• Iron supplementation: various formulations and potential side effects [37:45];
• Intravenous iron infusion as an alternative to oral supplements — plus restless legs syndrome and other topics [42:00];
• Iron supplementation: who should and should not consider it [44:00];
• Peter’s approach to creatine and his pre- and post-workout supplements [50:15];
• Navigating sodium intake: effect on blood pressure, who should use precaution, and other considerations [54:45];
• Peter’s thoughts about the potential of writing another book [57:15]; and
• More.

#293 – AMA #57: High-intensity interval training: benefits, risks, protocols, and impact on longevity

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the topic of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), starting with addressing some common misunderstandings around this type of exercise and breaking down what HIIT truly entails. He examines the correlation between HIIT and VO2 max, a vital metric for overall health and longevity, and describes the beneficial impact of HIIT on longevity when incorporated properly. Additionally, he emphasizes the importance of building a wide base of cardiovascular fitness, reveals the optimal protocols for incorporating HIIT into a balanced routine, and discusses the risk of injury and other potential drawbacks of HIIT. 

• Common questions about high-intensity interval training (HIIT) [1:30];
• The origins of HIIT [3:15];
• Defining HIIT training and differentiating it from sprint interval training (SIT) [5:45];
• Why HIIT is often touted as a more efficient way to exercise [14:00];
• Navigating the nuances of HIIT research: understanding limitations and the importance of a blended exercise routine [20:30];
• The four pillars of exercise [24:15];
• Using HIIT to improve VO2 max [26:00];
• HIIT training for the untrained individual: impact on VO2 max and the interplay between exercise-induced adaptations and potential weight loss [33:00];
• Sprint interval training (SIT) vs. HIIT: comparing the relative improvements in VO2 max and the impact of longer duration intervals [40:00];
• Benefits and limitations of HIIT, drawbacks of overtraining with HIIT, and the importance of a diversified routine to increase total cardiorespiratory capacity [44:15];
• HIIT protocols Peter recommends [58:45];
• The risk of injury and other potential drawbacks of HIIT [1:02:15];
• The importance of incorporating a balance of continuous moderate-intensity cardio and HIIT when aiming for longevity [1:04:00]; and
• More.

#289 – AMA #56: Cancer screening: pros and cons, screening options, interpreting results, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, the conversation focuses on cancer screening, a topic often shrouded in confusion yet crucial to understand given that early identification of a cancer is an essential part of survival strategy. Peter examines the arguments both for and against cancer screening, including addressing why some trials may show no benefit to screening. He then delves into the various screening modalities available for different cancers, highlights the pros and cons associated with each, and explains how to interpret the results. Additionally, Peter provides guidance for navigating outside of the relatively narrow and confined screening guidelines for various types of screening tests.

• Why understanding cancer screening is crucial [2:45];
• The prevalence of cancer diagnosis and mortality rates [4:30];
• Why cancer screening and early detection is such an important part of the strategy to survive a cancer diagnosis [11:00];
• The data on how cancer screening impacts survivability of cancer [16:30];
• Inconsistencies between cancer screening trials regarding benefits to survival rates [25:45];
• What are some of the reasons why clinical trials don’t always improve cancer-specific mortality? [30:15];
• What are the arguments against population-level cancer screening? [42:00];
• Cancer screening outside the recommended guidelines: risks and benefits, interpreting results, and other considerations [46:00];
• Understanding sensitivity and specificity when reviewing screening results [52:30];
• Risks and complications associated with colonoscopies [55:45];
• Cancer screening modalities: options for cancer screening both within standard recommendations and beyond [58:30];
• The strengths and limitations of various types of cancer screening [1:02:15];
• Understanding positive and negative predictive value using sensitivity, specificity, and pretest probability [1:11:45];
• Factors that influence an individual’s pretest probability of cancer [1:13:45];
• How to interpret cancer screening results [1:18:15];
• The importance of having an advocate when considering out-of-guideline cancer screening tests [1:23:30];
• How stacking multiple cancer screening modalities can decrease the risk of false positives [1:29:30];
• Advice and guidance for making decisions related to cancer screening [1:31:15]; and
• More.

#285 – AMA #55: Exercise: longevity-focused training, goal setting, improving deficiencies, managing emotional stress, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the crucial topic of exercise, starting with the importance of having a goal in training, including how and why Peter uses the goal of training for the “Centenarian Decathlon” when structuring his training plans. Peter elaborates on how to identify deficient areas within the four pillars of exercise and guides listeners on incorporating periodization training for optimal improvement and training variety. The episode explores diverse case studies, offering insights into tailored workouts for individuals of various training backgrounds, from seasoned enthusiasts to complete beginners. Additionally, Peter tackles the universal issue of emotional stress and its impact on training, as well as how exercise can help manage stress and how to determine when training should be adjusted during a high-stress period.

• Overview of exercise topics [2:15];
• Importance of training with a goal in mind, the Centenarian Decathlon, and the natural decline of fitness with age [4:00];
• The four pillars of exercise [12:15];
• Measuring peak aerobic output with VO2max, and the importance of VO2max as a predictor of longevity [16:45];
• Measuring aerobic efficiency with zone 2 [25:45];
• Measuring and tracking muscle mass and strength [27:30];
• Case study of a fit person with a neglected pillar: why adding more training volume may not the best strategy [30:30];
• Periodization training: what it is and why it is beneficial [36:15];
• Periodization case study: high cardio fitness, lacking muscle and strength [40:00];
• Periodization case study: adequate muscle, low cardio fitness [44:45];
• Case study: significant improvement needed across all exercise pillars [48:45];
• Best ways to do zone 2 exercise and how to use relative perceived exertion (RPE) to find your zone 2 level [56:30];
• How the body responds to physical and emotional stress, its impact on training, and the consequences of chronic stress [1:01:00];
• The difference between “good” stress and “bad” or chronic stress [1:10:30];
• The complex relationship between exercise and stress, and the importance of adjusting exercise goals during high-stress periods [1:13:30];
• Clues that stress may be impacting your training [1:19:15];
• The use of wearables and devices for tracking trends and making decisions related to training [1:21:00];
• Parting thoughts regarding the importance of exercise for longevity and stress management [1:32:00]; and
• More.

#282 – AMA #54: Magnesium: risks of deficiency, how to correct it, supplement options, potential cognitive and sleep benefits, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter tackles essential questions about magnesium, beginning with the important roles it plays in the body and why maintaining proper levels is crucial. Peter discusses the harms of magnesium deficiency, how to determine if you’re deficient, potential causes of deficiency, and how diet and supplementation can be used to increase magnesium levels. Peter unravels the confusion surrounding magnesium supplementation, discussing the optimal forms and recommended daily intake while addressing concerns about excess consumption. He also explores the potential cognitive and sleep benefits associated with magnesium supplementation. Finally, Peter concludes with a look into his recent experimentation with new exercises to serve as benchmarks to assess his progress and fitness levels as he navigates the aging process.

• The important roles of magnesium in the body [2:45];
• How to determine if you might be deficient in magnesium [10:15];
• Addressing migraines related to low magnesium [14:45];
• The prevalence of magnesium deficiency [16:30];
• Various conditions and drugs that can negatively impact magnesium levels [21:30];
• Magnesium-rich foods and factors that impact absorption of magnesium [24:30];
• Daily targets for magnesium supplementation and whether it’s possible to take too much [30:15];
• The different forms of supplemental magnesium [34:00];
• How absorption of magnesium from food compares to absorption from supplements [36:15];
• Choosing the right magnesium supplements for optimal absorption [37:15];
• The unique ability of magnesium L-threonate to increase brain magnesium concentration [40:15];
• Potential cognitive benefits of magnesium [43:00];
• Potential sleep benefits of magnesium [48:45];
• Takeaways on magnesium and a look into Peter’s personal protocol [53:15];
• Peter’s new benchmarks related to exercise and age [58:30]; and
• More.

#279 – AMA #53: Metabolic health & pharmacologic interventions: SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin, GLP-1 agonists, and the impact of statins

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter explores various pharmacologic tools commonly utilized to improve metabolic health and treat diabetes, including SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin, and GLP-1 agonists. He examines the available data on these drugs, assessing their comparative effectiveness and their potential in the context of lifestyle interventions. Additionally, he offers insights into whether SGLT2 inhibitors hold promise as geroprotective agents beyond their effects on glycemic control. Next, Peter analyzes the relationship between statin usage and the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, investigating possible causal pathways and providing insights into strategies for risk reduction. He offers insights on monitoring adverse statin effects and evaluating the need for adjustments, ultimately weighing the trade-off between the risk to overall metabolic health against the benefits of reducing apoB levels through statin use.

• Pharmacologic tools for improving metabolic health, and the relationship between statins and insulin resistance [2:00];
• SGLT-2 inhibitors: how they work and help to manage type 2 diabetes [4:15];
• The history of SGLT2 inhibitors—from discovery to the current state [10:15];
• Comparing the various FDA-approved SGLT2 inhibitors [15:00];
• Other beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors outside of glycemic control [20:15];
• Exploring SGLT2 inhibitors as potential geroprotective molecules [22:45];
• The side effects and risks associated with SGLT2 inhibitors [31:45];
• Medications, lifestyle interventions, and other considerations for treating diabetes and improving metabolic health [37:45];
• Metformin as a tool for pre-diabetics, and how metformin compares to lifestyle interventions [44:00];
• How GLP-1 agonists compare to metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors in terms of glycemic control and weight loss [49:15];
• Exploring the relationship between statin use and the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [52:30];
• Possible mechanisms of statin-induced insulin resistance and diabetes, and potential mitigation strategies [1:04:30];
• How to monitor for adverse effects of statin use and assess the need for adjustments [1:11:45];
• Weighing the benefits and risks of statin use: does the diabetes risk outweigh the benefits of lowering apoB with a statin? [1:15:30];
• Parting thoughts [1:20:45]; and
• More.

#275 – AMA #52: Hormone replacement therapy: practical applications and the role of compounding pharmacies

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, the discussion zeroed in on the practical application of hormone replacement therapy in women. Peter walks through the signs, symptoms, and hormonal changes in women approaching – and going through – menopause. He provides an overview of the FDA-approved HRT formulations and explains how women might go about choosing the right option for themselves. Peter also describes the significant changes in testosterone levels in women over time and the options, as well as the considerations and challenges of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for women. Lastly, Peter highlights the necessary role of compounding pharmacies in HRT, underscores concerns regarding the quality and sterility of compounded drugs, and offers guidance on locating a trustworthy pharmacy.

• Why hormone replacement therapy is such an important topic [2:00];
• The onset of menopause: symptoms, blood tests, and when to consider HRT [6:00];
• Tests that may provide indications of perimenopause and their implications for fertility [9:15];
• Vasomotor symptoms: hormonal changes that cause hot flashes/night sweats, and HRT therapies that can help [13:45];
• The role of estrogen in menopausal HRT [17:30];
• The limited role of progesterone in HRT protocols [25:15];
• What is a “bioidentical” hormone? [28:30];
• Overview of the FDA-approved HRT formulations [31:45];
• Determining HRT dosing and considerations for perimenopausal women [37:45];
• Choosing the right HRT formulation: pros and cons [43:30];
• Examining the link between certain forms of estrogen and breast cancer [46:45];
• Changes in testosterone levels in women over time and why it matters [50:00];
• Recognizing low testosterone in women: common symptoms and diagnosis [53:45];
• Testosterone replacement therapy for women: options, considerations, and challenges [57:30];
• The long-term use of testosterone in women: examining the limited data [1:00:15];
• What is a compounding pharmacy? [1:09:30];
• Reasons to opt for a compounding pharmacy over a pharmacy that adheres to stricter regulations [1:16:00];
• The tragic incidents that heightened concerns about compounding pharmacies [1:20:45];
• Tips for finding a reputable compounding pharmacy [1:27:45]; and
• More.

#271 – AMA #51: Understanding and improving your metabolic health

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter dives deep into the critical topic of metabolic disease. He first sheds light on how poor metabolic health drives up the risk of developing other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and overall mortality. He explores the array of metrics and tests used to assess metabolic health, underscoring his preferred methodologies utilized with patients. Finally, Peter provides an overview of the factors one can manipulate in order to improve metabolic health.

• Importance of metabolic health and a primer on metabolic disease [1:30];
• How poor metabolic health increases one’s risk for other chronic diseases [6:00];
• How useful is body weight and BMI for estimating metabolic health? [9:45];
• Overview of various tests and metrics used to understand metabolic health [12:15];
• Traditional biomarkers and how Peter’s point of view may differ from the guidelines [15:00];
• Lactate: insights into metabolic health through fasting and resting lactate levels [17:00];
• Zone 2 output: an important functional test of metabolic health [20:00];
• Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) [25:45];
• Visceral adipose tissue (VAT): what is VAT and how does it impact health? [27:00];
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): how it works and why it is such an important metric for assessing metabolic health [32:15];
• The utility of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) [40:45];
• Liver function and NAFLD [42:15];
• Sleep as an intervention [46:00];
• Exercise as an intervention [53:15];
• Diet and nutrition [59:00];
• How reducing stress can improve metabolic health [1:05:15]; and
• More.

#266 – AMA #50: Genetics: how they impact disease risk, what you can do about it, testing, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the realm of genetics, unraveling its connection to disease and emphasizing the value of understanding one’s genetic risks. He elucidates essential background knowledge on genetics before delving into the myriad reasons why individuals might consider genetic testing. Peter differentiates scenarios where genetic testing provides genuine insights from those where it may not be as useful. From there, Peter explores a comprehensive comparison of commercial direct-to-consumer genetic tests, providing insights on interpreting results and identifying the standout options for gaining insights into personal health. 

• Defining the term “genetics” and why it’s important [2:15];
• What is DNA, and how does it impact our biology and traits? [5:45];
• How are genetics passed down from parent to child? [8:45];
• How much do genes vary across individuals? [13:00];
• Which traits are determined by genetics versus experience or environmental factors? [17:00];
• Reasons for genetic testing [22:30];
• What exactly is being measured by a genetic test? [29:15];
• Testing for monogenic disorders [35:15];
• Understanding polygenic risk [39:30];
• Is genetic testing more important for someone who doesn’t know their family history? [40:45];
• What does it mean to be positive for a particular variant? [43:00];
• What does it mean to be negative for a particular variant? [45:45];
• How does someone get genetic testing through their healthcare provider, and how are these tests performed? [48:15];
• The financial cost of various genetic tests [54:30];
• Could having a risk allele for a disease result in an increase in one’s insurance premium? [57:15];
• Other risks associated with genetic testing [59:00];
• How do commercial, direct-to-consumer genetic tests compare to the information one might receive from clinical genetic testing? [1:01:45];
• Are certain direct-to-consumer tests better than others? [1:03:45];
• How long until whole genome sequencing becomes genuinely useful? [1:16:00];
• How useful are personalized dietary recommendations based on genetics? [1:18:15];
• Final thoughts and advice regarding genetic testing [1:20:00]; and
• More.

#262 – AMA #49: Heart rate recovery, strength training, rucking, kidney function, and brain health

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter addresses follow-up questions related to recent conversations around exercise, kidney function, and brain health. He begins with the topic of exercise, covering aspects such as starting rucking, transitioning from muscle building to maintenance, the optimal order of lifting weights and cardio, and exploring heart rate recovery. Shifting gears, he delves into the realm of kidney health, discussing the most effective blood tests to measure kidney function, desired levels, the natural decline with age, and the crucial role of maintaining a high glomerular filtration rate for longevity. Additionally, he discusses the importance of managing homocysteine levels and alcohol consumption for brain health.

• Topics: exercise, kidneys, and brain health [1:30];
• Rucking: advice for beginners, proper load, packs, and shoes [4:30];
• Rucking for women, bone health, using a treadmill, zone 2, and more [11:45];
• Building vs. maintaining: when and how to transition from the goal of building muscle and strength to focusing on maintenance [16:00];
• Should you lift weights before or after a cardio session? [24:00];
• Heart rate recovery: defining heart rate recovery and how it relates to cardiovascular fitness [28:45];
• How to measure heart rate recovery, and what is considered a “good” heart rate recovery [33:15];
• How kidney health and function typically measured [42:30];
• Differentiating between creatine and creatinine [48:15];
• The cystatin C blood test as a practical way to assess kidney health [52:45];
• How kidney function impacts lifespan and the five stages of kidney disease [59:15];
• Slowing the decline of kidney function [1:08:15];
• The main drivers of kidney disease [1:11:15];
• The importance of managing homocysteine levels for brain health [1:14:00];
• The relationship between alcohol consumption and brain health [1:21:30]; and
• More.

#258 – AMA #48: Blood pressure—how to measure, manage, and treat high blood pressure

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves into the critical subject of blood pressure, which is one of the three primary causes of atherosclerosis, along with high apoB and smoking. He begins by unraveling the nature of high blood pressure, its prevalence, and why it often goes undiagnosed. Peter describes in detail the proper way to accurately measure blood pressure and what determines a diagnosis. Next, Peter discusses the actionable steps one can take in response to high blood pressure, shedding light on the extent to which factors like weight loss, exercise, and nutrition can make an impact. He also explores the pharmacological options available and offers valuable insights on how to approach them.

• Blood pressure and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease [2:30];
• Defining blood pressure and the purpose and meaning of a blood pressure measurement [5:45];
• The implications of high blood pressure and the importance of maintaining an optimal level [10:30];
• The importance of accurate measurements of blood pressure and how Peter approaches the care of patients at the very top range of “normal” [21:45];
• The prevalence of high blood pressure—a hidden epidemic? [24:30];
• The consequences of high blood pressure on cardiovascular health, brain health, kidneys, and more [24:45];
• Low blood pressure: symptoms and consequences [35:30];
• How to properly measure blood pressure [37:45];
• Daily variance in blood pressure and the transient changes in blood pressure during exercise [48:00];
• Primary hypertension vs. secondary hypertension: what to look for [51:45];
• Lifestyle factors impacting blood pressure: weight loss, exercise, and sodium [57:45];
• Impact of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on blood pressure [1:04:45];
• How sleep impacts blood pressure [1:06:45];
• Pharmacologic options for managing blood pressure [1:08:00]; and
• More.

#254 – AMA #47: Cold therapy: pros, cons, and its impact on longevity

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter delves deep into the data surrounding different forms of cold therapy, including cold water immersion, cryotherapy, and cold showers, aiming to unveil the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with cold therapy. He dissects the studies examining the effects of cold therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), activation of brown adipose tissue, and its potential impact on mood and as a therapeutic approach for depression. Furthermore, Peter discusses the potential negative impact cold therapy may have on muscular hypertrophy and offers his perspective on the extent to which the data support the notion of cold therapy providing longevity benefits. Finally, he also discusses the existing consensus, or lack thereof, regarding the optimal structure of an effective cold therapy protocol.

• Overview of discussion on cold therapy (and a Formula 1 tangent) [1:45];
• The most common cold exposure therapies [5:45];
• Potential benefits of cold water immersion: a look at the data [9:30];
• Comparing the effects of cold water immersion with whole-body cryotherapy [18:30];
• The potential impact of cold exposure on mood and as a treatment for depression [20:45];
• How do cold showers compare to cold water immersion? [28:15];
• Cold exposure and the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) [34:15];
• Exercising in cold temperatures: impact on exercise performance [38:30];
• Potential downsides of cold therapy and its impact on hypertrophy, strength, and recovery [44:45];
• Are the blunting effects of cold on hypertrophy due to the effects on inflammation? [50:45];
• Does cold exposure offer any potential geroprotective benefits? [53:15];
• Cold therapy protocols for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) [56:30];
• Summarizing the data and takeaways from Peter [1:01:00]; and
• More.

#251 – AMA #46: Optimizing brain health: Alzheimer’s disease risk factors, APOE, prevention strategies, and more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter goes into depth on the topic of brain health, starting with how Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed, the significance of blood-based biomarkers in diagnosis, and what the various APOE gene variants mean in terms of a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Next, Peter discusses the various strategies for preventing Alzheimer’s disease and neurodegeneration. He touches briefly on exercise as a potent tool, but focuses more on lesser-known factors that could impact brain health, such as nutrition supplementation, lipid management, brain games, sauna, oral health, hearing loss, and more.

• Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease [2:45];
• Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease, the C2N test, and other tools for diagnosis [7:30];
• Genetic component of Alzheimer’s disease: genes that confer risk [12:45];
• Understanding your APOE status and why it’s important to know [17:15];
• The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, and who is at higher risk [21:15];
• Can the risk of Alzheimer’s disease be decreased with behavioral changes? [24:15];
• Overview of modifiable behaviors that potentially play a role in risk reduction of neurodegeneration [30:15];
• Things that clearly impact brain health: smoking, alcohol, sleep, head injuries, blood pressure, and more [34:15];
• How nutrition impacts brain health: common diets, metabolic health, energy balance, and more [46:15];
• Comparing common diets: data showing the association between the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease and specific diets [59:45];
• Supplements: EPA and DHA, vitamin D, and B vitamins [1:13:00];
• Supplements: theracurmin, cocoa flavonols, and magnesium L-threonate [1:25:15];
• Impact of exercise on brain health, minimum effective dose, and the most important types of exercise [1:33:00];
• Challenging the mind with brain games—does it impact neurodegeneration? [1:43:00];
• The data on sauna and brain health [1:49:45];
• Oral health and its association with brain health [1:52:45];
• How reducing lipids can improve brain health and prevent neurodegeneration [1:55:30];
• The potential impact of hearing loss on brain health and neurodegeneration [2:04:30]; and
• More.

#246 – AMA #45: Pros and cons of GLP-1 weight loss drugs and metformin as a geroprotective agent

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter focuses the discussion on two topics getting a lot of attention recently. He first dives deep into GLP-1 agonists, most notably semaglutide and tirzepatide, which originally came to market as diabetes drugs but are now being studied and prescribed for weight loss. He walks through the data and compares the effectiveness of the two drugs, the side effects, and perhaps more importantly, his reservations around wide use of these drugs and who he would consider to be a candidate for them. Next, Peter discusses how metformin, another drug originally brought to market for diabetes management, gained popularity as a potential longevity drug even for non-diabetics. Peter gives his take on this possibility and reviews data from a more recent study investigating the question of whether metformin should be used for general “geroprotection.”

• The hype around semaglutide, tirzepatide, and other GLP-1 agonists for weight loss [2:30];
• Overview of GLP-1 agonists and why these drugs are getting so much attention [6:15];
• Defining the term “geroprotective” [11:30];
• Semaglutide: background, brand names, indications, and more [15:15];
• Tirzepatide: background, brand names, indications, and more [19:15];
• How semaglutide and tirzepatide compare in their efficacy in terms of weight loss and other metabolic health metrics [23:45];
• Data showing sustained weight loss and improved metabolic metrics with after more than a year of using semaglutide and tirzepatide [29:00];
• What happens to body weight when a patient discontinues the medication? [34:45];
• Noteworthy side effects of GLP-1 agonists and similar classes of drugs [40:45];
• Increased resting heart rate and other concerning trends in patients using GLP-1 agonists [45:15];
• Changes in body composition (body fat and lean muscle) in patients on GLP-1 agonists [50:45];
• Possible reasons for the loss of lean muscle mass and tips for protecting lean mass [59:00];
• GLP-1 agonists and thyroid cancer [1:01:30];
• Who might be a candidate for GLP-1 agonists? [1:03:45];
• The large financial cost of this class of drugs [1:08:30];
• Metformin as a geroprotective drug: origin of the idea that metformin could be a longevity agent even for non-diabetic patients [1:11:30];
• A 2022 study on metformin sheds more light on the question of whether metformin should be used for “geroprotection” in non-diabetics [1:21:00];
• Peter’s current approach with metformin for his patients [1:25:15]; and
• More.

#242 – AMA #44: Peter’s historical changes in body composition with his evolving dietary, fasting, and training protocols

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter reviews the last 12+ years of his DEXA scan results revealing the changes to his body composition, lean muscle mass, visceral adipose tissue, and more. He explains how his body composition and blood biomarkers were impacted by the various dietary approaches (ketosis, fasting, high protein, etc.) and training protocols (primarily endurance, primarily strength training, etc.) he has undertaken over the years. Furthermore, Peter explains his planned approach moving forward following his most recent DEXA scan in late 2022.

• DEXA scans and other methods for tracking body composition [2:30];
• Importance of tracking data over time to see trends [10:15];
• DEXA scans in 2011: swimming, lifting, and a carb-restricted diet [12:45];
• DEXA scans 2012-2014 during Peter’s time on a strict ketogenic diet [18:30];
• Blood biomarkers for evaluating metabolic health [25:15];
• DEXA scan in 2020 after several years of regularly engaging in time-restricted feeding and prolonged fasting protocols [28:45];
• DEXA scan in 2021: shifting focus to adding muscle, high-protein diet, and more strength training [40:00];
• DEXA scan in early 2022: eating additional calories and adding blood flow restriction (BFR) to his workouts [44:45];
• DEXA scan in late 2022: a dramatic change following shoulder surgery, and the impact of stress [48:30];
• Peter’s approach moving forward following his most recent DEXA scan [59:15];
• A rundown of the various nutritional methods of energy restriction [1:06:15];
• Current thoughts on fasting and key takeaways [1:09:45]; and
• More.

#238 – AMA #43: Understanding apoB, LDL-C, Lp(a), and insulin as risk factors for cardiovascular disease

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter answers questions related to the leading cause of death in both men and women—atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). He highlights the most important risk factors for ASCVD, such as apoB, LDL, hyperinsulinemia, and Lp(a), and explains the mechanism by which they confer risk and how these factors are interrelated. Peter also dives deep into the data around apoB to try to answer the question of how much residual risk is conferred for ASCVD through metabolic dysfunction once you correct for apoB. He also looks at the data around lifetime risk reduction of ASCVD in the context of low apoB.

• A racecar analogy for understanding atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [2:00];
• Defining and differentiating apoB and LDL-C [10:00];
• The interrelated nature of insulin levels, apoB, triglycerides, and ASCVD parameters [13:00];
• Another way that hyperinsulinemia plays a role in endothelial dysfunction [18:00];
• Why Peter uses the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with all patients [20:15];
• Is there any evidence that hyperinsulinemia is an independent contributor to ASCVD? [23:00];
• Thinking through risk in the context of high-fat diets resulting in improved metabolic metrics but with an elevation of apoB/LDL-C [27:30];
• Thinking through risk in the context of low apoB but higher than normal triglyceride levels [32:15];
• The importance of lowering apoB for reducing ASCVD risk [38:15];
• Data on men and women with familial hypercholesterolemia that demonstrates the direct impact of high apoB and LDL-C on ASCVD risk [47:45];
• Importance of starting prevention early, calcium scores, and explaining causality [52:30];
• Defining Lp(a), its impact on ASCVD risk, and what you should know if you have high Lp(a) [56:30];
• Lp(a) and ethnic differences in risk [1:00:30];
• Why someone with elevated Lp(a) should consider being more aggressive with apoB lowering strategies [1:05:00];
• Addressing the common feeling of hesitancy to taking a pharmacologic approach to lower ASCVD risk [1:07:15];
• Peter’s take on the 2022 Formula 1 season and thoughts on 2023 [1:15:15]; and
• More.

#233 – AMA #42: Optimizing sleep – bedtime routine, molecule regimen, sleep trackers, sauna, & more

In this “Ask Me Anything” (AMA) episode, Peter answers a number of questions on optimizing sleep. He describes his pre-bedtime routine, how he utilizes a sauna, and his current regimen of medicines and supplements for improving sleep time and quality. He goes in depth on each of the molecules that have shown promise in boosting sleep, including their mechanisms of action as well as any noteworthy contraindications. Peter also discusses sleep wearables, including both the positives and potential negatives of using such trackers, and much more.

• Peter’s current pre-bedtime routine [3:30];
• Sauna: Peter’s routine, sleep benefits, and tradeoffs [10:45];
• Importance of keeping an open mind as new information arrives [16:15];
• Importance of reducing stimulation leading up to bedtime [19:30];
• Medications that can enhance sleep: mechanisms of action, contraindications, risks, and Peter’s regimen [20:30];
• Why medications can enhance sleep, but should not replace good sleep habits [34:45];
• Sleep supplements: mechanisms of action, contraindications, and Peter’s regimen [37:30];
• Temperature during sleep, cooling devices, mattresses, and more [53:00];
• A tip to help avoid straining your back in the morning [59:15];
• Contrasting polysomnography with wearable sleep trackers [1:00:45];
• Sleep tracking wearables: interpreting metrics, and the pros and cons of trackers [1:04:30];
• Final takeaways on sleep [1:16:30]; and
• More.